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Alcoholics. Even social drinkers who take fair quantities of beer and wine or whisky need extra Vitamin C — say an extra 500 mg daily even to detoxify the alcohol, apart from their own bodily needs. Heavy drinkers need even more — one to two grams to combat the deleterious effects.
According to a report of 4 Scottish doctors in the Lancet of 21st September, 1974, the liver depends on Vitamin C to get rid of excess alcohol out of the blood stream. The more Vitamin C there is in the blood the quicker the effects of alcohol are nullified, the less there is the longer the body remains polluted. Drinkers need at least 25 mg more for every glass of grog.
Cigarette Smokers. Each cigarette is calculated by Dr Irwin Stone and others to use up 25 mg of Vitamin C, so smokers need 25 mg more for every cigarette they smoke.
Those taking drugs, anti-biotics and antihistamines of any kind need more than their daily quota. Indeed, many doctors prescribe 1000 mg to be taken with each dose of antibiotic as each improves the effect of the other.
Those subject to colds, coughs and bronchitis. At the onset of a cold — at the very first sign of a dry throat or sniffle or cough the daily intake should be increased (according to Dr Pauling) to 4000 mg a day in divided doses spread over the 24 hours. For severe virus infections even more is needed.
Any infection, either bacterial or viral, warrants taking large and frequent doses of Vitamin C, for ascorbic acid is equally effective against both.
Workers in garages, service stations or in any occupation where the air is polluted with carbon monoxide, fumes from petrol, pesticides or any other poisonous substances should take extra Vitamin C regularly — several grams a day in divided doses.
Those living or working near traffic roads where the air is heavily polluted with car exhaust fumes, not only carbon monoxide but with lead from fortified petrol, need extra Vitamin C and calcium to counteract the long term deleterious effects on their health.
Women on the Pill. Women taking oral contraceptives have significantly lower Vitamin C levels, about 30 per cent less in their blood, than those who do not take them. The oestrogen and progeston in the pill increase the breakdown of the vitamin in the body so that it is likely to be deficient unless extra C is taken daily.
Loss of other vitamins such as B2 (riboflavine) B6, B12 and folic acid are also side effects. All of which may result in depression, irritability, emotional instability, fatigue, difficulty in concentration, loss of libido and disturbed sleep.
There are now available other specially formulated pills or capsules combining all these supplements in sufficient doses (high in Vitamin C) to counteract the side effects of the pill. At least one such supplement should be taken routinely with the oral contraceptive.
Expectant and Nursing Mothers. Both before and after birth the baby is dependent on the Vitamin C in his mother’s diet for his own supplies. If her supplies are low, so are his. It has been shown that the umbilical cord carried Vitamin C to the infant from the mother, and breast milk is high in. the vitamin if the nursing mother keeps up her supply.
The old idea was to delete fresh vegetables, salads and fruits from the diet of the nursing mother as they were supposed to give the baby ‘wind’ or ‘colic’. We now know that this is not so, and that she needs all the Vitamin C rich foods she can take. If she does not have the vitamin, not only she, but her breast fed babe will show signs of scurvy.
Dr Sylvia Nobile, formerly Roche’s Chief Bio-Chemist, in her survey of aboriginal diets in west New South Wales, told me they had seen a definite case of scurvy in a breast fed aboriginal baby, whose mother lived on a diet of white bread, jam, dried milk, tea and sugar — as many fringe-dwelling aboriginal people do.
Even the advised Recommended Daily Allowances of Vitamin C of 45 to 60 to 70 mg a day may prevent scurvy but are not enough for the actual needs of both baby and mother — especially during the undoubted stress of pregnancy, labour, nursing and family care.
At least 1000 mg of C a day when the mother is in good health, more if she is tired or ailing, have been thought to fill the needs of mother and child over the pregnant and nursing period.
Many nutritionists, however, advise much more for positive health and energy of both herself and her new born baby. (See Section on Pregnancy and Lactation).
Sufferers from Rheumatism who have been prescribed aspirin products or anti-inflammatory drugs which must be taken over long periods need extra Vitamin C as both types of drugs use up large quantities of Vitamin C in its efforts to detoxify these foreign substances.
Vitamin C not only reduces the side effects of aspirin, anti-inflammatory medicines and pain killers, but actually improves their action in the body.
One aspirin tablet is said to use up 25 mg of Vitamin C. So the minimum daily dose should be worked out by each individual.
*15/21/7*
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There has been a great deal of criticism of Vitamin C taken in greater amounts than the Recommended Daily Allowance. The critics state that large doses of Vitamin C can be dangerous or cause side effects.
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is non-toxic even in large doses, but some mild side effects may occur owing to its acidity. Large doses of Vitamin C can cause side effects in sensitive persons especially if taken on an empty stomach or when large doses are taken suddenly at one time. Indigestion, vomiting, diarrhoea, headache, mild skin rashes may occur, but disappear on reducing the dose or ceasing ascorbic acid.
These symptoms can be avoided by substituting the non-acid sodium ascorbate, by taking doses with meals or by gradually building up to the required dose instead of initially starting with the full amount. Intolerance then usually disappears.
In cases of severe illness or allergy it is better to take Vitamin C in small doses every 2 hours round the clock to obtain full effect without trouble.
Loose Motions. Large doses of ascorbic acid especially when taken suddenly and on an empty stomach may cause gastro-intestinal irritation and loose motions. This can be prevented by starting with smaller doses and working up to the full quota, and always taking the tablets with, or just after, a meal. Flavored tablets can be sucked slowly. Crystals buffered with sodium ascorbate or effervescing tablets dissolved in water do not upset the stomach.
Frequency of Urine. Large doses act as a mild diuretic, which is all to the good in most cases where fluid retention has been a problem.
Burning, from very acid urine has been noticed when large doses of ascorbic acid are taken suddenly, or when some medicine such as Mandelamine has been taken at the same time to cause extra acidity in the urine.
The dose of ascorbic acid should be raised gradually, except in an emergency, and acidifying medicines and ascorbic acid unbuffered should not be taken together.
There are many Vitamin C preparations buffered with sodium ascorbate on the market. They will prevent too acid urine and the burning sensation.
Kidney Stones. One of the ‘scare’ ideas used by the critics of high daily doses of ascorbic acid is that it causes the formation of oxalic acid kidney stones.
The Vitamin C-Kidney Stone story is a myth according to Dr Frederick Klenner, M.D. — bio-chemist and physiologist as well as medical practitioner of 40 years’ standing.
Dr Klenner has used massive doses of ascorbic acid or its salt — sodium ascorbate — by mouth, and by injection for 30 years in his hospital at Reedsville, North Carolina.
He and other experts consider that the oxalic acid kidney stone hypothesis is but another of the ‘scare’ weapons used by the critics of high daily doses of ascorbic acid.
There are certainly a small number of people who have an inborn tendency to form high levels of oxalic acid in the urine. -
For the oxalic acid to precipitate out as calcium-oxalate stones or crystale (gravel) it must be alkaline and be held in the bladder for some time (urinary stasis). As ascorbic acid and its salts maintain the acidity of the urine and act as a mild stimulant to the flow (diuretic) the oxalic acid, even if high, is held in solution and there is no tendency to form stones.
The Federal Drug Administration of U.S.A. published a ‘warning’ about high doses of ascorbic acid and sodium ascorbate. Dr Klenner replied that before giving massive doses of Vitamin C he always tried it out on himself with no ill effects.
‘I can state,’ he writes, ‘that for many years I have taken 10 to 20 grams (that is 10,000 to 20,000 milligrams) of sodium ascorbate by mouth daily, and my blood sodium remains normal. These levels are checked by an approved laboratory. Twenty grams each day and my urine remains at or just above ph6 (normal urine acidity). I do not have diabetes and neither do I have a kidney stone.’
Dr Klenner has confirmed these findings with his many patients over 30 years of using massive doses of Vitamin C when their condition demanded it.
In U.S.A. an analysis of 1000 cases of kidney stones showed that 52 per cent were of calcium phosphate, 33 per cent calcium oxalate, 6 per cent urate stones, 3 per cent cystime.
Doses of 500 mg to 1000 mg ascorbic acid render the urine acid and clear any phosphatic sedimentation from the urine.
Urate and cystine stones are comparatively rare, but the presence of ascorbic acid in the urine maintains both cystine and urate in a soluble condition and prevents them from crystallizing out into insoluble forms.
Infertility. Suspicion has been cast on Vitamin C in large doses as a cause of infertility and a tendency to cause miscarriage. I have yet to find any authentic evidence of this in the literature, and certainly not among my cases.
In fact, the Recommended Daily Allowance for pregnant women is raised from 30 milligrams for expectant and 80 to 100 milligrams for nursing mothers in recognition of their increased needs for the vitamin.
Excess ascorbic acid destroys B12 if taken at same meal. The investigations made to prove that C destroys Vitamin B12 and that the blood of those taking large doses of C lacked B12 were based only on 4 out of 9 veteran soldiers. No case of pernicious anaemia has been reported in high Vitamin C takers. v
The case for destruction of B12 was made by giving groups of people in an institution 1500 mg, 1000 mg, 500 mg and zero mg of C daily; then taking equivalents of all the food eaten in a day by the group, mixing each lot up in 4 gallon drums and comparing the B12 content of the food samples of those taking no supplement of C with those taking the varying amounts up to 1500 mg daily.
There was less B12 in the food of those taking large doses of C than in those taking moderate doses. Who is to know what other factors besides Vitamin C entered into these diets? There is no mention of what these dietary samples consisted.
That large doses of C invalidated tests for liver efficiency. Does this matter? In those few cases which require liver tests, surely the vitamin can be discontinued temporarily.
That animals and persons taking large doses of C over long periods become more susceptible to scurvy when it is reduced than those on the Recommended Daily Allowance.
This may be true of animals who manufacture their own Vitamin C, for an excess may reduce their own ability to make it, just as giving large doses of cortisone reduces the ability of the adrenal glands to produce their own cortisone. Indeed, this may be the very reason which caused monkeys, primeval man and guinea pigs to lose their capacity to make ascorbic acid. Their ordinary diet was so overloaded with the vitamin that they had no need to make it themselves, and so in the course of body economics they lost the ability.
To us who depend on outside sources for our ascorbic acid an excess above the mere anti-scurvy doses need pose no problem.
The benefits of adequate saturation of the tissues and organs such as the adrenals, the pituitary and thymus glands, the lens of the eye and the white corpuscles of the blood and the liver — with ascorbic acid far outweigh the minor side effects and problematic disadvantages that may accrue with megavitamin doses.
gallon drums and comparing the B12 content of the food samples of those taking no supplement of C with those taking the varying amounts up to 1500 mg daily.
There was less B12 in the food of those taking large doses of C than in those taking moderate doses. Who is to know what other factors besides Vitamin C entered into these diets? There is no mention of what these dietary samples consisted.
That large doses of C invalidated tests for liver efficiency. Does this matter? In those few cases which require liver tests, surely the vitamin can be discontinued temporarily.
That animals and persons taking large doses of C over long periods become more susceptible to scurvy when it is reduced than those on the Recommended Daily Allowance.
This may be true of animals who manufacture their own Vitamin C, for an excess may reduce their own ability to make it, just as giving large doses of cortisone reduces the ability of the adrenal glands to produce their own cortisone. Indeed, this may be the very reason which caused monkeys, primeval man and guinea pigs to lose their capacity to make ascorbic acid. Their ordinary diet was so overloaded with the vitamin that they had no need to make it themselves, and so in the course of body economics they lost the ability.
To us who depend on outside sources for our ascorbic acid an excess above the mere anti-scurvy doses need pose no problem.
The benefits of adequate saturation of the tissues and organs such as the adrenals, the pituitary and thymus glands, the lens of the eye and the white corpuscles of the blood and the liver — with ascorbic acid far outweigh the minor side effects and problematic disadvantages that may accrue with megavitamin doses.
*14/21/7*
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